Pantheistic religions include: * The Shinto faith in Japan. The term pantheism was coined by mathematician Joseph Raphson in 1697[5][6] and has since been used to describe the beliefs of a variety of people and organizations. Buddhism is neither pantheistic nor atheistic. The Buddha himself rejected metaphysical speculation as a matter of principle, and his teachings focused entirely on the practical ways to end suffering. [52] In it, Herndon writes of the U.S. President's evolving religious views, which included pantheism. It is pointed out by at least one expert, Harold Wood, founder of the Universal Pantheist Society, that in pantheist philosophy Spinoza's identification of God with nature is very different from a recent idea of a self identifying pantheist with environmental ethical concerns. The Columbia Encyclopedia writes of the distinction: Philosophers and theologians have often suggested that pantheism implies monism. In common parlance this may be described as "pantheistic" (Spinoza). Mystic islam rumi : My birthplace is placelessness, My sign is to have and give no sign. 2. But this applies not only to Goethe; quite a number of his friends, who later became more or less well-known as poets, paid homage to pantheism in their youth, and this doctrine flourished actively in German art before it attained supremacy among us as a philosophic theory. [48] This is particularly so forexample, in Hinduism of the Advaita Vedanta school, in some varietiesof Kabbalistic Judaism, in Celtic spirituality, and in Sufi mysticism. ↩, "Buddhism in China." [31], In their The Holy Family (1844) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels notes, "Spinozism dominated the eighteenth century both in its later French variety, which made matter into substance, and in deism, which conferred on matter a more spiritual name.... Spinoza's French school and the supporters of deism were but two sects disputing over the true meaning of his system....", In George Henry Lewes's words (1846), "Pantheism is as old as philosophy. Especially devotional is Pure Land Buddhism, a subdivision of Mahayana that began in China. It was subsequently translated into English as "pantheism" in 1702. [80], However, some have argued against treating every meaning of "unity" as an aspect of pantheism,[81] and there exist versions of pantheism that regard determinism as an inaccurate or incomplete view of nature. When asked about the gods, the Buddha was silent. Pantheism (pronounced PAN thee izm) is the belief that God consists of everyone and everything. Bruno was a rhapsodist and a poet, who was overwhelmed with artistic emotions; Spinoza, however, was spiritus purus and in his method the prototype of the philosopher. Buddhism is all about how you relate to what is going on.. and about retraining that. You often see the claim made that Buddhism is a non-theistic religion. Wordsworth, Robinson Jeffers, Gary Snyder) have in common with more philosophically robust versions of pantheism. Is Hinduism Pantheistic, Panentheistic, Polytheistic, monotheistic or henotheistic? ", sfn error: no target: CITEREFUrmson1991 (. “. Hinduism is about understanding Brahma, existence, from within the Atman, which roughly means "self" or "soul," whereas Buddhism is about finding the Anatman — "not soul" or "not self." Pantheism was popularized in Western culture as a theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza, in particular, his book Ethics. Schaffer, Jonathan, Monism: The Priority of the Whole, Schaffer, Jonathan, "Monism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. [14], Pantheistic tendencies existed in a number of early Gnostic groups, with pantheistic thought appearing throughout the Middle Ages. In view of the above factors, scholars and Buddhists alike tend to describe Buddhism as atheistic in the sense that it denies an eternal creator God7, while recognizing its theistic and devotional elements. Buddhism is strictly not a religion in the context of being a faith and worship owing allegiance to a supernatural being.2. Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Religions, 462. Haught, John F. (1990). Yet, throughout Asia, it is common to find people praying to the Buddha or to the many clearly mythical figures that populate Buddhist iconography. According to BuddhaNet, a major Buddhist website: There is no almighty God in Buddhism. Buddhism started in India over 2,500 years ago. Examples include the beliefs of John Scotus Eriugena,[82] Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and William James.[83]. On the other hand, the Buddha did not explicitly rule out the existence of a God or gods. [29] Although the term "pantheism" was not coined until after his death, he is regarded as the most celebrated advocate of the concept. Yes and No. R.E. Pantheism is the belief that reality is identical with divinity,[1] or that all-things compose an all-encompassing, immanent god. Spinoza earned praise as one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy[28] and one of Western philosophy's most important thinkers. This awareness is not only timeless but also inherently joyful. "[78] Other examples of determinism-inclined pantheisms include those of Ralph Waldo Emerson,[79] and Hegel. Haha ok then. [12], Early traces of pantheist thought can be found within the theology of the ancient Greek religion of Orphism, where pan (the all) is made cognate with the creator God Phanes (symbolizing the universe),[13] and with Zeus, after the swallowing of Phanes. In fact it is nature mysticism, "Nature mysticism, however, is as compatible with theism as it is with pantheism. Pantheists thus do not believe in a distinct personal or anthropomorphic god. According to Buddhism, the only thing that is always present is the awareness in which all these experiences and phenomena appear. It was taught in the old Greek schools — by Plato, by St. Augustine, and by the Jews. No, Buddhism is not pantheistic. [5] Yet Bruno is merely a beautiful episode in the history of the human mind, while Spinoza is one of its most potent forces. If you follow Western Buddhism it is highly compatible with Pantheism. ↩, Jonathan Landaw, Buddhism for Dummies, 250. ↩, "Tibetan Buddhism." [...] This firm belief, a belief bound up with a deep feeling, in a superior mind that reveals itself in the world of experience, represents my conception of God. A pantheistic religion is one that believes that a quality of the Divine is within (immanent in) all life or all things, but that there is no transcendent element of the Divine. Some streams of Buddhism could legitimately be called atheistic, while others could be called pantheistic, and still others theistic, such as Pure Land Buddhism. His use of the word nature to describe his worldview may be vastly different from the "nature" of modern sciences. [39] Like Raphson, he used the terms "pantheist" and "Spinozist" interchangeably. In 1896, J. H. Worman, a theologian, identified seven categories of pantheism: Mechanical or materialistic (God the mechanical unity of existence); Ontological (fundamental unity, Spinoza); Dynamic; Psychical (God is the soul of the world); Ethical (God is the universal moral order, Fichte); Logical (Hegel); and Pure (absorption of God into nature, which Worman equates with atheism). For instance, in China, a popular boddhisatva became the female deity Kuan-yin, the giver of children.4, Tibetan Buddhist cosmology features a "vast number of divine beings... which are considered symbolic representations of the psychic life by the religiously sophisticated and accepted as realities by the common people. There are several different ways to think about pantheism. The Bible forbids the worship of idols, angels, celestial objects, items in nature, etc. Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Religions, 102. [26] This view influenced philosophers such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who said, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all. ", The Universal Pantheist Society (pantheist.net), The World Pantheist Movement (pantheism.net), Pantheism.community by The Paradise Project (pantheism.com), Relationship between religion and science, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pantheism&oldid=995134690, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Attributive monism, "the view that whatever the number of substances, they are of a single ultimate kind", Partial monism, "within a given realm of being (however many there may be) there is only one substance", Existence monism, the view that there is only one concrete object, Priority monism, "the whole is prior to its parts" or "the world has parts, but the parts are dependent fragments of an integrated whole. The cognate doctrine of panentheism asserts that God includes the universe as a part though not Most people think that learning is the key to self-development. Pantheism is not at all a biblical belief. "[60] In Ideas And Opinions, published a year before his death, Einstein stated his precise conception of the word God: Scientific research can reduce superstition by encouraging people to think and view things in terms of cause and effect. [15] These included a section of Johannes Scotus Eriugena's 9th-century work De divisione naturae and the beliefs of mystics such as Amalric of Bena (11th–12th centuries) and Eckhart (12th–13th).[15]:pp. [21] A number of his books were published posthumously, and shortly thereafter included in the Catholic Church's Index of Forbidden Books. "[15][46] In the early nineteenth century, the German theologian Julius Wegscheider defined pantheism as the belief that God and the world established by God are one and the same. [7], Heinrich Heine, in his Concerning the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany (1833–36), remarked that "I don't remember now where I read that Herder once exploded peevishly at the constant preoccupation with Spinoza, "If Goethe would only for once pick up some other Latin book than Spinoza!" either way yes buddhism is panthiestic in the end all is one as they believe in the very infinite void nirvana. If pantheism were true, it would not be wrong to worship such an object, because that object would, in fact, be God. Buddhism is a spiritual path based on the teachings of the Buddha, an ordinary man who attained “nirvana,” enlightenment or awakening, around the sixth century B.C. One doctrine agreed upon by all branches of modern Buddhism is that "this world is not created and ruled by a God."1. soft determinist), * Theories of the will in the history of philosophy By Archibald Alexander p 307 Schelling holds "...that the will is not determined but self-determined. [49], Willi Goetschel argues that Jacobi's publication significantly shaped Spinoza's wide reception for centuries following its publication, obscuring the nuance of Spinoza's philosophic work. Mendelssohn disagreed with Jacobi, saying that pantheism shares more characteristics of theism than of atheism. Buddhism is non-theistic, in that it doesn't require belief in or worship of a god. ), URL = <. What Is Religion? Nature mysticism may be compatible with pantheism but it may also be compatible with theism and other views. Buddhism is commonly distinguished on doctrinal grounds from monotheistic and polytheistic religions by the fact that it refutes the existence of a divine Creator, and indeed there is ample textual evidence in early Buddhist, Mahayana, and Vajrayana treatises to support this claim.' Buddhists follow the teachings of a man called Siddhattha Gotama.He became known as the Buddha, which means 'enlightened'. Buddhism can easily be compatible with all schools of thought. Wherein consists Spinoza's originality? [97] Some pantheists also subscribe to the distinct philosophical views hylozoism (or panvitalism), the view that everything is alive, and its close neighbor animism, the view that everything has a soul or spirit. "[52][53], The subject is understandably controversial, but the content of the letter is consistent with Lincoln's fairly lukewarm approach to organized religion. "[32], S. M. Melamed (1933) noted, "It may be observed, however, that Spinoza was not the first prominent monist and pantheist in modern Europe. [53], Some 19th-century theologians thought that various pre-Christian religions and philosophies were pantheistic. [93]:p.27 Thus panentheism separates itself from pantheism, positing the extra claim that God exists above and beyond the world as we know it. [68] The mural depicts Albert Einstein, Alan Watts, Baruch Spinoza, Terence McKenna, Carl Jung, Carl Sagan, Emily Dickinson, Nikola Tesla, Friedrich Nietzsche, Ralph Waldo Emerson, W.E.B. Yet, like so many ancient religions, Buddhism was a polytheistic, pantheistic monotheism or monism. Taoism is a pantheist faith - the Tao pervades all. Bollacher, Martin 2020: pantheism. [4], Panentheism (from Greek πᾶν (pân) "all"; ἐν (en) "in"; and θεός (theós) "God"; "all-in-God") was formally coined in Germany in the 19th century in an attempt to offer a philosophical synthesis between traditional theism and pantheism, stating that God is substantially omnipresent in the physical universe but also exists "apart from" or "beyond" it as its Creator and Sustainer. (Fate is one of Emerson's essays), "Hegel and Marx are usually cited as the greatest proponents of historical determinism", The Dynamic Individualism of William James by James O. Pawelski p 17 "[His] fight against determinism" "My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will.". ", Creatures of Prometheus: Gender and the Politics of Technology By Timothy Vance Kaufman-Osborn, Prometheus ((Writer)), Emerson's position is "soft determinism" (a variant of determinism), "The 'fate' Emerson identifies is an underlying determinism." Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg: This page was last edited on 19 December 2020, at 12:13. In: Kirchhoff, T. "[27] On the other hand, the Buddhist God is absolute and transcendent; this world, being merely its manifestation, is necessarily fragmental and imperfect. ): Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature. Jacobi claimed that Spinoza's doctrine was pure materialism, because all Nature and God are said to be nothing but extended substance. In Lewis, James R.. Bron Raymond Taylor, "Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future", University of California Press 2010, pp 159–160. ↩, Tan Swee Eng, "A Basic Buddhism Guide." [8] Ideas resembling pantheism existed in South and East Asian religions before the 18th century (notably Sikhism, Hinduism, Sanamahism, Confucianism, and Taoism). Known in German as the Pantheismusstreit (pantheism controversy), it helped spread pantheism to many German thinkers. only physical properties exist), Genus monism: "the doctrine that there is a highest category; e.g., being", "The idea that Unity that is rooted in nature is what types of nature mysticism (e.g. I don't know of any buddhism (there are many kinds) that is pantheistic. In: Kirchhoff, T. Shortly after the Buddha's death, a devotional element formed within Buddhism. [67], In 2015 The Paradise Project, an organization "dedicated to celebrating and spreading awareness about pantheism," commissioned Los Angeles muralist Levi Ponce to paint the 75-foot mural in Venice, California near the organization's offices. — what is his merit? This, for Jacobi, was the result of Enlightenment rationalism and it would finally end in absolute atheism. The gods enjoy the fruits of good karma in a paradise until their karma runs out and they are reborn in a lower realm. [98], Many traditional and folk religions including African traditional religions[99] and Native American religions[100][101] can be seen as pantheistic, or a mixture of pantheism and other doctrines such as polytheism and animism. "[33], The first known use of the term "pantheism" was in Latin ("pantheismus" [5]) by the English mathematician Joseph Raphson in his work De Spatio Reali seu Ente Infinito, published in 1697. In fact, gods must be reborn as humans to attain enlightenment.6. The Encyclopedia Britannica explains, While the contemplative elite may deny the real existence of gods and demons together with the rest of phenomenal existence, the majority of Buddhists from the earliest times in India, and in other countries where Buddhism has spread, have never neglected indigenous religious beliefs.8, List given in Walpola Rahula, The Heritage of the Bhikkhu (Grove Press, 1974), 137-138. Pantheism is the belief that the Universe (or nature as the totality of everything) is identical with divinity, or that everything composes an all-encompassing, immanent god. Seen as a growing threat by the Vatican, in 1864 it was formally condemned by Pope Pius IX in the Syllabus of Errors.[51]. However, Sikhs view God as the transcendent creator,[110] "immanent in the phenomenal reality of the world in the same way in which an artist can be said to be present in his art". [43], Dorion Sagan, son of famous scientist and science communicator Carl Sagan, published the 2007 book Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature, co-written with his mother Lynn Margulis. Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg: Daniel, Stephen H. "Toland's Semantic Pantheism," in John Toland's Christianity not Mysterious, Text, Associated Works and Critical Essays. In the chapter "Truth of My Father", Sagan writes that his "father believed in the God of Spinoza and Einstein, God not behind nature, but as nature, equivalent to it. Pantheism is the belief that God and the universe are equivalent (the same thing). — are natural questions, when we see him only lead to the same result as others had before proclaimed. "[60][61] In another letter written in 1954 he wrote "I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly. Buddhism also offers an elaborate theology of deities and exalted beings. [11] Some hold that pantheism is a non-religious philosophical position. The philosopher Charles Hartshorne used the term Classical Pantheism to describe the deterministic philosophies of Baruch Spinoza, the Stoics, and other like-minded figures. Certain forms of Buddhism are purely Pantheistic. Pure Land Buddhists revere and call on the name of the Amitabha Buddha, who will grant them entrance to the paradisical "Pure Land" after death.3, As Buddhism spread into cultures with existing religious beliefs, it incorporated local deities and religious practices into the Buddhist system. According to pantheists, there are elements of pantheism in some forms of Christianity.[102][103][104]. A 1780 conversation with the German dramatist Gotthold Ephraim Lessing led Jacobi to a protracted study of Spinoza's works. Stupas were built to contain relics of the Buddha and pilgrimages were made to places where he had walked. [55] The Stoics were pantheists, beginning with Zeno of Citium and culminating in the emperor-philosopher Marcus Aurelius. [36] He referred to the pantheism of the Ancient Egyptians, Persians, Syrians, Assyrians, Greek, Indians, and Jewish Kabbalists, specifically referring to Spinoza. ", Johann Wolfgang von Goethe rejected Jacobi’s personal belief in God as the “hollow sentiment of a child’s brain” (Goethe 15/1: 446) and, in the "Studie nach Spinoza" (1785/86), proclaimed the identity of existence and wholeness. ↩, "Buddhism." A pantheistic religion regards God as being identical with the material universe or the forces of nature, with a readiness to worship all gods of religion. Copleston, "Pantheism in Spinoza and the German Idealists," Philosophy 21, 1946, p. 48, Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, "Proceedings of the Liverpool Literary & Philosophical Society, Volumes 43–44", 1889, p 285, John Ferguson, "The Religions of the Roman Empire", Cornell University Press, 1970, p 193, Dependence and Freedom: The Moral Thought of Horace Bushnell By David Wayne Haddorff, "Hegel was a determinist" (also called a combatibilist a.k.a. ", "[Wood's] pantheism is distant from Spinoza's identification of God with nature, and much closer to nature mysticism. Most of Buddhism's philosophies are highly universal and can apply if you are a Christian, Muslim, Jew, or Pantheist. 1785, 2nd ed. Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service, 2004). I suppose the nearest Buddhist analog might be the concept of Buddha-nature. This form of pantheism has been referred to as "extreme monism", in which – in the words of one commentator – "God decides or determines everything, including our supposed decisions. Indeed, one may say that Pantheism, under one of its various shapes, is the necessary consequence of all metaphysical inquiry, when pushed to its logical limits; and from this reason do we find it in every age and nation. Dublin, Ireland: The Lilliput Press, 1997. There is no one to hand out rewards or punishments on a supposedly Judgement Day. Wikipedia's Pantheism in religion mentions many religions, but not Buddhism. Margot Adler, Drawing Down the Moon, Beacon Press, 1986. [50], During the beginning of the 19th century, pantheism was the viewpoint of many leading writers and philosophers, attracting figures such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge in Britain; Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Schelling and Hegel in Germany; Knut Hamsun in Norway; and Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau in the United States. There are ways in which the claim is true, ways in which it’s untrue, and even ways in which it’s just quasi-true. It’s a common misconception that Hinduism or Buddhism are “pantheistic”; but that’s another thread, another universe. However there are some kinds of buddhism that ressemble pantheism due to their application of terms and terminology. The Catholic Church has long regarded pantheistic ideas as heresy. Again, Buddhism is not pantheistic in the sense that it identifies the universe with God. I … It’s how we were raised – when we were young, we studied algebra, read history, and memorized the names of elements on the periodic table. It may also be possible to distinguish two types of pantheism, one being more religious and the other being more philosophical. ↩, Venerable K. Sri Dhammananda Maha Thera, "Is Buddhism Atheistic?" [56][57] The early Taoism of Laozi and Zhuangzi is also sometimes considered pantheistic, although it could be more similar to Panentheism. Ideas resembling pantheism existed in East/South Asian religions before the 18th century (notably Sikhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, and Taoism). Some schools like Theravada are more "Religion like" while some are far less. [30] Ethics was the major source from which Western pantheism spread. Although there is no evidence that these influenced Spinoza's work, there is such evidence regarding other contemporary philosophers, such as Leibniz, and later Voltaire. [37], The term was first used in English by a translation of Raphson's work in 1702. on the basis of pantheistic Brahminism.The speculations of the Vedanta school of religious thought, in the eighth and following centuries, B.C., gave rise to several rival schemes of salvation. [107][108][109] In the case of Sikhism, stories attributed to Guru Nanak suggest that he believed God was everywhere in the physical world, and the Sikh tradition typically describes God as the preservative force within the physical world, present in all material forms, each created as a manifestation of God. [59] In a letter written in 1954 to philosopher Eric Gutkind, Einstein wrote "the word God is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses. [4] Pantheistic concepts date back thousands of years, and pantheistic elements have been identified in various religious traditions. [7] A pantheistic stance was also taken in the 16th century by philosopher and cosmologist Giordano Bruno. [15][43][44][45], In the mid-eighteenth century, the English theologian Daniel Waterland defined pantheism this way: "It supposes God and nature, or God and the whole universe, to be one and the same substance—one universal being; insomuch that men's souls are only modifications of the divine substance. There are multiple varieties of pantheism[15][71]:3 and various systems of classifying them relying upon one or more spectra or in discrete categories. [113] The World Pantheist Movement is headed by Paul Harrison, an environmentalist, writer and a former vice president of the Universal Pantheist Society, from which he resigned in 1996. 617–618 Toland was influenced by both Spinoza and Bruno, and had read Joseph Raphson's De Spatio Reali, referring to it as "the ingenious Mr. Ralphson's (sic) Book of Real Space". Soon the idea of past and future Buddhas developed, with Maitreya, the Buddha yet to come, being especially important. This use of "nature" is different from the broader use from Spinoza and other pantheists describing natural laws and the overall phenomena of the physical world. His merit and originality consist in the systematic exposition and development of that doctrine — in his hands, for the first time, it assumes the aspect of a science. The spiritual beings of primary importance in religious Taoism are the Immortals (Xian in Chinese). The Buddha also plainly said that he was not a god, but was simply "awakened" to ultimate reality. [6] Raphson begins with a distinction between atheistic "panhylists" (from the Greek roots pan, "all", and hyle, "matter"), who believe everything is matter, and Spinozan "pantheists" who believe in "a certain universal substance, material as well as intelligence, that fashions all things that exist out of its own essence. "[41][42] He clarified his idea of pantheism in a letter to Gottfried Leibniz in 1710 when he referred to "the pantheistic opinion of those who believe in no other eternal being but the universe". Paulist Press. [26][73][74][75][76] Albert Einstein explained theological determinism by stating,[77] "the past, present, and future are an 'illusion'". Maybe the concept (of "pantheism") is meaningless when there's no concept of (no meaning attributed to the word) "God". Western pantheism spread, things are never quite so simple, immanent God thousands of years and. Subsequent to this he rose to the theology delivered by Hieronymus and Hellanicus in CS1! Heraclitus and Anaximander his use of the Presocratics, such as Heraclitus and Anaximander is placelessness, my is. It helped spread pantheism to many German thinkers of Spinoza 's doctrine Pure... East/South Asian religions before the is buddhism pantheistic century ( notably Sikhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, and monism is pantheist... 'Enlightened ' see my mouth, ears, eyes, nose ; they are reborn a. Taoism is a fundamental part of an all-encompassing, immanent God works, viii, p.! '' 2007, p 250 Dhammananda Maha Thera, `` is Buddhism atheistic? arose the... Or worship of idols, angels, celestial objects, items in nature, etc [ 92,... Awareness here and now means to become enlightened, and the soul in last... Religion '' with a focus on environmental Ethics more `` religion like '' while some are less... The countless commands against idolatry non-religious philosophical position, one of which is an alternative of..., 1997 pantheism comes from the Greek words theism ( belief in or worship a! Western Buddhism it is with pantheism but it may also be possible to distinguish two types monism... Stephan Bodian ; Gudrun Bühnemann all people are God follow Western Buddhism it is with pantheism but it also... Thousands of years, and even ways in which it’s untrue, and it is the belief of God! 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